Biology formulas

D - Digest. Fungal Based Enzyme solution that promotes digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. A broad spectrum digestive support formula that promotes proper levels of digestive acids and enzymes. This formula has two primary uses: 1. Use with food for broad, digestive benefits, and to strengthen the stomach/digestive system. 2.

The general chemical formula of sugar is C n (H 2 O) n (or C n H 2n O n), where n may range from 3 to 7. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is often 2:1. (NB: An exception to this rule is deoxyribose.) Because of this chemical formula rule, sugars and most carbohydrates are referred to as hydrates of carbon.Informações sobre BIO FÓRMULAS - UNIDADE BAIRRO MATÃO em Sumaré 💉 » Empresa de Drogarias perto de Você! Endereço, whatsapp, telefone, mapa, como chegar <-> CLIQUE AQUIBasic Biostatistics Formulas Jane Pham & B. Burt Gerstman C:\data\biostat-text\formulas1.doc Last printed 12/20/2007 4:39:00 PM Page 2 of 3 Probability (Chapters 5-7) Probability ≡ relative frequency in the population; expected proportion after a very long run of trials; can be used to quantify subjective statements.CHO. Proteins. CHON. Nucleic Acids. CHONP. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and more.energy in food (J) mass of water (g) x temp change (ºC) x 4.2. energy per gram of food (J/g) energy in food (J) / mass of food (G) photosynthesis (word) carbon dioxide + water --- (sunglight)---> glucose + oxygen. photosynthesis (chemical) 6CO₂ + 6H₂O --- (sunglight)---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards ...Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water. Anaerobic Reaction In Muscle Cells. Glucose = Lactic Acid. Anaerobic Reactions In Yeast Cells. Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide. Mean Of Number Of Organisms Per Quadrat. Total Number Of Organisms / Number Of Quadrats. Equations Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.Isomerization is the process by which one molecule is converted into another molecule with the identical atoms. This may occur spontaneously or a reaction may be required to achieve this effect. Types of Isomers. There are two main types of isomers, structural isomers and stereoisomers (illustrated below).To download the NEET notes Biology, you can follow the given steps-. Visit the Selfstudys website. Click the navigation button which can be seen in the left side corner of the page. Click NEET from the given list, and automatically a drop-down menu may appear, click Biology from the list.

Math and mathematical models in ecology. The processes of population changes in space and time are called population dynamics.Over time, a population or species may expand its geographic range, colonize a new isolated habitat patch like an island, or disappear from areas where it occurred previously (extirpation).Even if a population or species is only found in the same locations as previously ...To make a dilution series, use the following formulas: Move Volume = Final Volume / (DF -1) Diluent Volume = Final Volume - Move Volume. Total Mixing Volume = Diluent Volume + Move Volume. Example 1: Make a 7-point 1:3 standard curve, starting Neat, such that you can pipette duplicates of 50 μL per well. Calculations:Here are most of the calculations needed for biology A levels.Detailed explanation with examples in written form is given for percentage change calculations,...BIO REVIEW- EXAM 1 MATERIAL. 132 terms. LillieWaddell. Preview. 6.3. Meiosis . 8 terms. Juliana_Wilkes. Preview. Unit 5. 23 terms. ameliarolson11. Preview. Terms in this set (34) calorie. the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 C. How many calories in 1 Calorie. 1000 calories.Introduction Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides – which are with relatively small molecules used as building blocks. As well as monosaccarides other monomers like amino acids and nucleotides are also used as building-blocks for the larger polymer structures. Polymers are the larger structures, built from monomers, and include …Income Approach. GDP = Compensation of Employees + Rents + Interest + Proprietors Income + Corporate Profits + Taxes on Imports + Statistical Discrepancy - Consumption of Fixed Capital. GDP Multiplier Formulas. MPC = 1- MPS. MPC = Change in Consumption / Change in Income. MPS = 1-MPC. MPS = Change in Savings / Change in Income.

aerobic respiration (word) glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy. aerobic respiration (symbol) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. anaerobic respiration. glucose --> lactic acid + energy. dependent variable. what you measure. independent variable.Find the average rate of change for the falcon population from 2013 to 2018 (include units). Interpret the value. We have two data points: (2013, 300) and (2018, 483). Average rate of change = slope. ∆ y 414 − 300. slope = = = 22 .8 falcons/year. ∆ x 2018 − 2013. AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet Approved calculator types: Four-function calculator (with square root) Scientific (nongraphing) calculator, but must not have unapproved features or capabilities Graphing calculator Preparing for the AP Biology Exam I t ’ s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t w e e a t a t l e a s t f i v e Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.Biology definition: Vmax is the maximum initial velocity or rate of a reaction. In enzyme kinetics, V max is the maximum velocity of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction when the enzyme is saturated with its substrate. Since the maximum velocity is described to be directly proportional to the enzyme concentration, it can therefore be used to ...Carbohydrates are biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of roughly one carbon atom (C ‍ ) to one water molecule (H 2 O ‍ ). This composition …Bipolar disorder arises from a complex mixture of genetics, brain chemistry, and life experiences. Research studies are shedding more light on the causes of this condition. Bipolar...It's a notion rooted in the concepts of classical physics as elucidated by Sir Isaac Newton. The formula for the energy of motion is: KE=0.5\times m\times v^2 K E = 0.5×m ×v2. where KE is kinetic energy in joules, m is mass in kilograms and v is velocity in meters per second.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like photosynthesis equation, light-dependent equation, light-independent equation and more.Biology formulas calculator covers a wide range of biological and biochemical topics, including cell membrane permeability, enzyme kinetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, …IGCSE-Formula-List - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.Download Ap Biology Formulas and Equations Sheet and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! AP BIO EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS REVIEW SHEET #1 Formulas: Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by the number of data points Range = value obtained by ... A molecular formula is a representation of a molecule that uses chemical symbols to indicate the types of atoms followed by subscripts to show the number of atoms of each type in the molecule. (A subscript is used only when more than one atom of a given type is present.) Molecular formulas are also used as abbreviations for the names of compounds. Embark on a journey of exceptional nutrition with Lebenswert Formula, available in various stages tailored to your baby's growth and development, including Stage 1 (From Birth), Stage 2 (6+ Months), and Stage 3 (10+ Months). Filter. Featured. Lebenswert Stage 1 Bio Formula (500g) 5.0 (3) From $27.99. Sale.Dental Formula = (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) / (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) Humans have two dental formulae: The primary dentition (20 teeth): I2/2 C1/1 M2/2 = 10. The permanent dentition (32 teeth): I2/2C1/1 P2/2 M 3/3 = 16. Where: I - Incisors, C-Canine and M-Molar. Among all other mammals, both humans and apes have ...In the June 2024 and November 2024 exams for GCSE (9-1) Mathematics J560, students will be given a formulae sheet alongside each of the question papers. Separate formulae sheets will be provided to Foundation tier and Higher tier students, as appropriate. The Higher tier formulae sheet includes additional formulae.That is why we have created a huge list of maths formulas just for you. In this article, you will formulas from all the Maths subjects like Algebra, Calculus, Geometry, and more. Learn. CBSE. Class 5 to 12. Physics. Difference Between in Physics ... Biology. Dr. Nazma Shaik. VTU. Chemistry. Gaurav Tiwari. APJAKTU. Physics. Get Started. Browse ...In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot-Savart law (/ ˈ b iː oʊ s ə ˈ v ɑːr / or / ˈ b j oʊ s ə ˈ v ɑːr /) is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current.It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current. The Biot-Savart law is fundamental to magnetostatics.AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS x = sample mean . n = sample size . s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results. e = expected results = sum of all . Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.To calculate the probability of finding a sequence with 50% G/C content (11 Gs or Cs in a 22 base sequence), we plug in NG/C=11 and calculate a probability of 0.117, or 11.7%. To calculate the probability of a range of values we take the sum of the individual probabilities. P(55% GC 45%) P(N ) P (10) P (11) P (12) > =.

Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other solvents. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C 6 H 10 O 5) n. Starch is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in α 1,4 linkages. The simplest form of starch is the linear polymer amylose; amylopectin is the branched form.

Peptides play significant role in cell signaling and function and can be used as an important tool for research and therapeutic treatments. Here we discuss both the structure and activities of peptides as well as strategies for their synthesis. ... Biological therapeutics, which are generally proteins, have earned an increasing share of the ...CD74 has been previously described as a regulator of antigen-presenting cell biology, however its function in Tregs remains unknown. CD74 genetic deletion in …NEET Biology Flashcards are ideal for quick review and repetition of important concepts of botany and zoology. They help in faster learning and longer retention of the concept. NEET Biology Flashcards are as per the latest NEET syllabus and very simple to use. Just download and take printouts of the below flashcards given for each topic and ...Other important notes for NEET preparation. The preparation for the biology subject is not sufficient to appear for the National Eligibility Entrance Examination, students must prepare the physics and chemistry subjects also. The process of preparation of notes, important formula and mock tests are provided in the links given below. Physics Notes.Use the formulas and table given in this article wherever necessary. Q.1: In ABC, right-angled at B, AB=22 cm and BC=17 cm. Find: ... marine biology, etc. Learn more about the applications of trigonometry here. Learn about Trigonometry in a simple manner with detailed information, along with step by step solutions to all questions, only at BYJU ...exponential: r max = (b-d) r max is constant. Birth (b) and death (d) rates are constant because the population is unlimited by resources. logistic: r max = (b-d) r max is constant. r max is constant, but it is adjusted to obtain the realized rate (see below).Figure 5.3.e 5.3. e: A natural population of seals shows logistic growth. The number of seals, ranging from 1500 to 8500, is on the y-axis, and the year, ranging from 1975-2000, is on the x-axis. Orange dots represent the observed population size each year, and the blue line represent the trend. From 1975 to 1983, the blue line curves upwards ...AP Biology Equations and Formulas Page 2 of 2. Title: AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Author: College Board Created Date: 8/26/2023 9:34:38 AM ...3 Nov 2021 ... Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de ...

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The AP Biology exam covers a large amount of information, but fortunately, you don't have to memorize every formula you will need for the exam. During the exam, you will be provided with a two-sided Equations and Formulas sheet to use on the test. The AP bio formula sheet will be at the front of both the multiple-choice and free-response ...FORMULAS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY. x. = sample mean. n. = sample size. s. = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample- based estimate of the standard deviation of. the population) o. = observed results. e. = expected results. ∑ = sum of all. Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of. distinct possible outcomes minus one. Mean.Respiration is a series of reactions, but this summarises the overall process. Human muscle can respire anaerobically for short periods of time - even though the process is relatively ...Key Formulas and Equations in Biology-GCSE Biology 9-1. 5.0 (1 review) Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Microscopy Calculations. Click the card to flip 👆 ... Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. Functional groups. Large biological molecules are generally composed of a carbon skeleton (made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms) and some other atoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Often, these additional atoms appear in the context of functional groups. Functional groups are chemical motifs, or patterns of atoms, that …The above Advanced Study Material for NEET Biology have been designed as per latest NEET Biology guidelines and 2021 syllabus. The study material has been framed in a manner which will help to revise the entire syllabus as this has many useful material like important formulaes, mind maps, sure shot question, quick revision notes, cheat sheets and many more concepts developed to help students.A plant is a living organism and is immobile. Plant is having autotrophic mode of nutrition and divided into two types - Cryptogams and Phanerogams. Cryptogams do not have flowers or seeds where as Phanerogams possess flowers and seeds during their lifetime. A plant can be studied by its internal constitution and by its external characters. ….

Calculating magnification and specimen size using millimetres as units. Magnification is calculated using the following equation: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size. A better way to remember the equation is using an equation triangle: Magnification equation. Rearranging the equation to find things other than the magnification becomes ...Developments in the interdisciplinary field that combines protein engineering and nanoelectronics also hold promise for developing cutting-edge technologies that …1.4. Compound interest. kn. FV = PV × 1 + r , where FV is the future value, 100 k PV is the present value, n is the number of years, k is the number of compounding periods per year, r% is the nominal annual rate of interest. SL. 1.5. Exponents and logarithms. x = b ⇔ x = log.Ratio and Proportion Formula. Now, let us learn the Maths ratio and proportion formulas here. Ratio Formula. Assume that, we have two quantities (or two numbers or two entities) and we have to find the ratio of these two, then the formula for ratio is defined as; a: b ⇒ a/b. where a and b could be any two quantities.Such arrangements have been noticed since the Middle Ages and can be used to make mathematical models of a wide variety of plants. Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern ...The following scores were collected for a midterm exam given to six biology students. Use the formula to calculate the standard deviation. Show all work! 52, 68, 72, 86, 90, 98 . Task 5: Sample Data. In some cases, researchers may only be able to take a small sample of values for a large population. The formula is similar, but instead of N, N-1 ...Biology NEET Syllabus 2024. Students can have brief- run through the NEET Biology unit-wise syllabus provided below and refer to NEET Biology notes PDFs by Vedantu for a full-packed preparation. The Biology syllabus prescribed for Class 11 and 12 unit-wise list is provided below: S.No. Class 11 Biology Syllabus.7 Sept 2020 ... These flashcards are extremely useful for memorising equations that you need to learn for biology AQA A level.We can analyze the average AP® Biology score more efficiently by considering a multi-year trend. We can refer to the AP® Student Score Distributions, released by the College Board annually. These reports show us that the mean score in 2014 it was 2.91, 2015 was 2.91, 2016 was 2.85, 2017 was 2.90, 2018 was 2.87, 2019 was 2.92 and 3.04 in 2020. Biology formulas, Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form., Minute (or Total) Ventilation. MV = Tidal Volume (V T) × Respiratory Rate (RR) Tidal Volume. V T = V A + V D. Alveolar Ventilation (VA): inversely proportional to PaCO2, doubling of VA will halve PaCO2. V A = [V T − Dead Space (V D )] × RR. Dead space volume (V D) - anatomic and physiologic components. Anatomic dead space is the volume of ..., A floral formula is one of the ways to summarise all the flower characteristics, which makes the use of discrete letters, numbers and symbols. The letters used in the floral formula indicate the members of the perianth and other floral parts. Specific signs or symbols are also used to denote the properties like parentheses, aestivation ... , Download Ap Biology Formulas and Equations Sheet and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! AP BIO EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS REVIEW SHEET #1 Formulas: Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by the number of data points Range = value obtained by ..., ENRG. Supplies key nutrients for the mitochondrial production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the chemical energy of life, coupled with herbalomic® botanicals that support the epigenetic cellular metabolism for the citric acid cycle as well as its beta oxidative processes. Contains essential nutrient PQQ. Supports Mitochondrial Biogenesis., bioPOWER ATP. is the ultimate creatine transport system, formulated to achieve optimal assimilation into the muscle cell while eliminating the need to consume insulin spiking sugars. bioPOWER ATP utilizes Chelated Creatine, a patented process of molecularly bonding magnesium (transport mineral) to a pure creatine molecule., Floral Formulas and Diagrams Convenient shorthand methods of recording floral symmetry, number of parts, connation and adnation, insertion, and ovary position. 2. 3., My main emphasis is on mathematical modeling, with biology the sole applica-tion area. I assume that students have no knowledge of biology, but I hope that they will learn a substantial amount during the course. Students are required to know differential equations and linear algebra, and this usually means having taken two courses in these ..., 4.97 out of 5. Based on 175069 reviews. 704. Product Reviews ( 174717) Shop Reviews ( 352) Fast Dark Spot Remover / Color Correction Fade Exfoliator, Safe Home Treatment for Hyperpigmentation & Melasma, Hydroquinone Maximum Strength. Lucia Alvarez., Apr 16, 2021 · This is part of a series on the AP Biology Equations & Formulas - we discuss statistical analysis of data, looking for trends and patterns using the average/... , Meaning of Floral Formula: It is a symbolic and numerical representation of various floral parts. It also furnishes information regarding symmetry, sexuality and interrelationship of various floral parts viz., calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Numerology of Symbols: ADVERTISEMENTS: A number put just after the symbol represents the ..., December 31, 2022 by NirbhaySingh. (PDF) Aakash RAPID REVISION Biology (Formula Booklet) formula book for IIT Free Pdf Download: A very good book if you are preparing for jee, neet, kcet , comedk or any other compitative exam. It’s like a pocket formula book. It has covered all the formulas of class 11th and 12 ncert., Figure 5.3.e 5.3. e: A natural population of seals shows logistic growth. The number of seals, ranging from 1500 to 8500, is on the y-axis, and the year, ranging from 1975-2000, is on the x-axis. Orange dots represent the observed population size each year, and the blue line represent the trend. From 1975 to 1983, the blue line curves upwards ..., Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form., To calculate the probability of finding a sequence with 50% G/C content (11 Gs or Cs in a 22 base sequence), we plug in NG/C=11 and calculate a probability of 0.117, or 11.7%. To calculate the probability of a range of values we take the sum of the individual probabilities. P(55% GC 45%) P(N ) P (10) P (11) P (12) > =., See full list on khanacademy.org , Starch is a polysaccharide made up of 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. The chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C6H10O5)n. Starch is made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are connected together. The linear polymer amylose is the most basic form of starch, while amylopectin is the branched form., 13 Jul 2017 ... AP Biology - Exam Math - How To Use the Formula Sheet., ATP synthase is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of energy. Enzymes are responsible for the movement of ions across the plasma membrane. Enzymes perform a number of biochemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, etc. to eliminate the non-nutritive substances from the body., Disaccharides. Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc. 3. Oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-9 monomers are called oligosaccharides. By this convention, trioses, pentoses, hexoses are all oligosaccharides., Calculating cell concentration is simple with the use of a haemocytometer. Simply apply the cell solution to the haemocytometer and count the number of cell in a 1mm x 1mm square (made up of 5×5 small squares). Then use the following calculation: number of cells x dilution factor x 104 = Cells per mL. I would usually use a dilution of 1:1 with ..., Ecological effects of acid deposition. Acid rain, precipitation possessing a pH of about 5.2 or below mainly produced from the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (the combination of NO and NO2). Acid deposition can reduce the pH of surface waters, lower biodiversity, and increase the susceptibility of plants to disease and ..., Synulin by Systemic Formulas supplies botanical nutrients from all over the world, plus a patented chromium chelate for normal, healthy cell membrane and mitochondrial uptake of glucose for the production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)—the chemical energy of life. the botanical ingredients are selected as nourishment for the epigenetic metabolic functions of the citric acid and beta ..., Organs are set in four series - petals, sepals, stamens and carpels. Floral formulae are a system to represent a flower's structure using specific numbers, letters, and symbols, hence it is a simple way to present salient features of a flower. It portrays the number of parts, floral symmetry, connotation and adnation, ovary position and ..., AS and A LEVEL. This Mathematical Skills Handbook is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE and Advanced GCE specifications in Biology A and Biology B (Advancing Biology) for teaching from September 2015. Version 1.6. H020, H420, H022, H422. For first teaching in 2015., Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water. Anaerobic Reaction In Muscle Cells. Glucose = Lactic Acid. Anaerobic Reactions In Yeast Cells. Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide. Mean Of Number Of Organisms Per Quadrat. Total Number Of Organisms / Number Of Quadrats. Equations Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free., And your GCSE biology exam is looming. In this guide, we offer a suggested structure for studying for GCSE biology. % 10% off orders above £70. 20% off orders above £250. Use code: EPPDISCOUNT . About; ... Whereas other questions will require you to work out the correct answer using an equation or formula. Typically, you don’t need to show ..., Normal Distribution: Normal Distribution is the most common or normal form of distribution of Random Variables, hence the name "normal distribution." It is also called Gaussian Distribution in Statistics or Probability. We use this distribution to represent a large number of random variables. Let's learn about Normal Distribution in detail, including its formula, characteristics, and ..., The straight-line method of amortization typically applies to bonds, but it can also be used to figure out mortgage repayments. Using the straight-line method of amortization formu..., AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet You are allowed to use this resource on the AP Biology Exam. It is also available in Appendix A of the Course and Exam Description. PDF; 4.42 KB; Article. AP Biology Lab Manual . See an overview of the manual that supports AP Biology laboratory investigations and learn how to order a copy. Link. ..., Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one of the main carbon-based compounds in living organisms. All molecules in this group contain C, H and O. As H and O atoms are always present in the ratio of 2:1 (eg. water H 2 O, which is where ‘hydrate’ comes from) they can be represented by the formula Cx (H2O)y. The three types of carbohydrates are ..., Removing Dark Spots for Face. Fast Dark Spot Remover / Color Correction Fade Exfoliator, Safe Home Treatment for Hyperpigmentation & Melasma, Hydroquinone Maximum Strength. 12984 Reviews 24 questions. $29.16 $39.16 Save $10. The Fast Dark Spot Remover Serum by Stop Guessing. 10075 Reviews 3 questions., ΔN/t = rN - cNP. P - # of predators supported by a stable prey population (P=r/c) N - # of prey that creates a stable predator population (N=m/ac) r - intrinsic growth rate of prey. c - capture probability (predator efficiency) a - efficiency of converting prey into predator offspring. m - predator mortality.