Cpt code for cystolitholapaxy

Question: I’m looking for help coding for an excision of exposed urethral sling mesh via laser destruction.While the provider was performing cystolitholapaxy for a bladder stone he came across the mesh which “slung across from the 5 to the 7 o’clock position right at the bladder neck, probably about 1 cm to 1.5 cm bridge right there at the bladder neck.”

Cpt code for cystolitholapaxy. This procedure involves crushing or disintegration of bladder stone(s) using telescopic instruments or laser and removal of the stone fragments using suction apparatus.

In the complex world of medical billing and coding, accurate documentation is crucial for maximizing revenue and ensuring efficiency. One tool that can greatly aid in this process ...

ChiroCode.com for Chiropractors CMS 1500 Claim Form Code-A-Note - Computer Assisted Coding Codapedia.com - Coding Forum Q&A CPT Codes DRGs & APCs DRG Grouper E/M Guidelines HCPCS Codes HCC Coding, Risk Adjustment ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes ICD-10-PCS Procedure Codes Medicare Guidelines NCCI Edits …Background: The treatment of large volume bladder stones by current equipments continues to be a management problem in both developing and developed countries. AH-1 Stone Removal System (SRS) invented by us is primarily used to crush and retrieve bladder stones. This study evaluated the safety and efficiency of transurethral …A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is a surgical procedure for eliminating bladder stones. It requires a urologist to pass a cystoscope through the urethra and break up bladder stones that are too large to be expelled spontaneously. Several sessions are sometimes required to avoid having to resort to an open surgery.M7361. Complex urethroplasty, eg revision surgery of the anterior urethra, posterior urethra, +/- grafting (including cystoscopy) 28/01/2016. M7362. Complex urethroplasty, i.e. posterior urethral repairs and second (or further) anterior repairs with …On August 27, 2015, the FDA cleared for marketing the Rezum System to relieve lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This procedure involves the transurethral injection of steam into the prostate. Once injected, the steam condenses to water, imparting convective energy to the tissue, causing cell death …

Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy (PSCL) is largely performed in the pediatric population for the treatment of bladder calculi in augmented and native bladders. It is rarely performed in adults, in whom open cystolithotomy or transurethral cystoscopic techniques are generally employed. However, a transurethral approach is precluded in patients born …Bladder stones can be removed during a procedure called cystolitholapaxy. Your doctor inserts a cystoscope (a small telescope) through your urethra into your bladder. The doctor then uses mechanical instruments or laser to break the stone into small pieces and removes the pieces by flushing them out.A provider performed a cystoscopy, sees a bladder stone, and inserts a stone basket through the cystoscopy to grab and remove the stone. Would this best be coded with CPT code (s) 52310 and 52315 or …On a common scale, physician work RVUs compare the work involved with performing a service to all other services and procedures. For example, removing a foreign body from an eye (CPT ® code 65205) is assigned 0.49 work RVUs. But performing a minor eye wound repair (65270) is valued at 1.95 work RVUs.Published on Mon Oct 01, 2001. When a patient's bladder has been removed and there is either a loop of intestine (ileal conduit) or an artificial bladder (intestinal continent pouch), the urologist is in a quandary when coding procedures that normally involve looking into the bladder, such as a cystourethroscopy (52000) and related procedures.CPT Code 52281. Long description CPT 52281: Cystourethroscopy, with calibration and/or dilation of urethral stricture or stenosis, with or without meatotomy, with or without injection procedure for cystography, male or female. Short description: Cystoscopy with dilation of urethral stricture/ stenosis.On August 27, 2015, the FDA cleared for marketing the Rezum System to relieve lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This procedure involves the transurethral injection of steam into the prostate. Once injected, the steam condenses to water, imparting convective energy to the tissue, causing cell death …CPT Codes. Surgery. Surgical Procedures on the Urinary System. Surgical Procedures on the Bladder. Incision Procedures on the Bladder. 51050. 51045. 51050. 51060.

Hello I have a Cystolitholapaxy stone size greater than 2.5cm along with per Dr. a Channel TURP 1). Cystolitholapaxy 2). Channel TURP 3). Bilateral retrograde pyelogram " Bladder stone attached to the bladder mucosa and the circumferential fashion around the bladder neck..Stones occur within the urinary bladder due to incomplete bladder emptying, urinary stasis, and/or chronic bladder infections. With time, the urine that is not voided begins to harbor … The provider performs a simple cystourethroscopy, the inspection of the interior of the bladder, the urethra, prostatic urethra, and ureteric openings using a cystoscope passed through the urethra and into the bladder, and localizes, crushes, and removes a small stone less than 2.5 cm in diameter. It would be appropriate to add the 59 modifier to codes 50392 and 74475 due to CCI edits preventing this type of coding when a single continuous nephroureteral stent was placed. If the patient returns to evaluate the tube function (e.g., leaking catheter), a catheter check of the tube may be performed by injecting contrast and obtaining images.

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Of the foreign bodies, 33 (67.3%) were retrieved by cystoscopy, while transurethral cystolitholapaxy was required in 10 patients (20.4%), percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy was performed in 4 patients (8.1%), and holmium laser lithotripsy was performed in 2 patients (4.08%). None of the cases required open …Wikipedia has its share of detractors who question the reliability and accuracy of the site's entries. To appease critics and combat bias, Wikipedia will institute an optional feat...The 2017 CPT® manual tells us that for change of a ureterostomy tube or externally accessible ureteral stent via an ileal conduit, you should report 50688 for unilateral or bilateral stents. Factor 2: Pay Attention to the Approach. Don’t miss that codes 50382-50389 are not just differentiated by whether the procedure included a stent removal ...Best answers. 0. May 5, 2017. #2. Depending on the op note, I believe you are correct on this code selection. In my office we had a similar case that we sent to the AUA coding hotline. In our case they recommended 51525 and 52317. In this instance the stone was actually located in a bladder diverticulum that was accessed percutaneously.

The most commonly used codes in which a holmium laser is specifically referenced are: 52214: Cystourethroscopy, with fulguration (including cryosurgery or laser surgery) of trigone, bladder neck, prostatic fossa, urethra, or periurethral glands. 52317: Litholapaxy: crushing or fragmentation of calculus by any means in bladder and removal of ...Sep 23, 2008. #2. You are correct in that cpt cannot be billed as it is included in both 52332 and 52352. In regards to your other question about billing CPT 74420, per the American Urological Association/AUAnet: "If the retrograde is performed to complete the procedure, CCI considers the retrograde inherent to the endoscopy procedure performed.Letter to the editor re: Percutaneous cystolitholapaxy: A safe and effective alternative to open stone surgery for the management of complex bladder stones in patients with no urethral access. Goldsmith et al., J Clin Urol, 4 March 2019Dec 10, 2022 · Dr. is wanting to charge for a Cystolitholapaxy for crushing the stone off of the catheter with a lithotripsy along with a replacement of or exchange of the supra-pubic catheter.. CPT codes: 52317- states removal of bladder stones.... to me this is not according do Dr. dictation removal of a bladder stone. For vasectomy coding, when is it appropriate to use 55450 instead of 55250? My coder is telling me that 55450 is an outdated code that should no longer be used. Code 55450 (ligation [percutaneous] of vas deferens, unilateral or bilateral [separate procedure]) has finally been deleted, removing the confusion for all.In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, accurate and efficient medical coding is crucial. One important aspect of medical coding is understanding and utilizing Current Proced...469-242-6056 www.plutushealthinc.com | [email protected] 4835 LBJ Fwy, Suite 300, Dallas, TX 75244 Get Your Free Revenue Health AnalysisEndoscopic removal is performed under general anaesthetic as an inpatient procedure. The first step is a cystoscopy. Once the bladder has been examined, a similar, but slightly larger, telescope is inserted through the urethra to the bladder. Stones are broken into small fragments by a laser passed down the telescope.Endoscopic removal is performed under general anaesthetic as an inpatient procedure. The first step is a cystoscopy. Once the bladder has been examined, a similar, but slightly larger, telescope is inserted through the urethra to the bladder. Stones are broken into small fragments by a laser passed down the telescope.

There are two CPT® Codes for litholapaxy depending on the stone size. Both codes are listed below and are referenced throughout this guide. CPT®. Code1. Description. 52317. Litholapaxy: crushing or fragmentation of calculus by any means in bladder and removal of fragments; simple or small (less than 2.5 cm) 52318.

Answer: When your urologist changes a suprapubic tube, you should code the procedure using either 51705 ( Change of cystostomy tube; simple) or 51710 ( Change of cystostomy tube; complicated ). Nothing in the CPT code descriptor indicates a sutured catheter. Also, the kind of tube the urologist uses doesn't affect your coding choice.CPT Code 51065, Surgical Procedures on the Bladder, Incision Procedures on the Bladder - Codify by AAPC. Select. Code Sets; Indexes; Code Sets and Indexes; ... Percutaneous Cystolitholapaxy. I actually sent my op note into the AUA coding hotline. They recommended me using CPT code 51065.... [ Read More ] View All. Coding …Mar 8, 2022 · Wiki Help with Cystolitholapaxy. Thread starter 1CodingTeam24; Start date Mar 8, 2022; Create Wiki Sort by date. 1. 1CodingTeam24 ... Medical Coding. Urology. Top Methods currently available include pneumatic or laser transurethral cystolithotripsy, percutaneous cystolithotripsy, cystolitholapaxy, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), and open surgery. The holmium laser has revolutionised urinary lithiasis management, with several trials demonstrating its superiority over other methods for stone ...CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association. CPT Codes (cont’d) CPT® . Code Description. PCNL. 50080. 50081. Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy or …Jan 14, 2014 · When questioning the physician about billing 52317, rather than 52318, he replied: “As far as I know, it is always based on overall or total stone burden. Treating several 2-cm stones to equal a total stone burden of 6 cm is different and requires more work, more OR time, etc. than treating a single stone of 2 cm. 3 days ago · CPT Code information is available to subscribers and includes the CPT code number, short description, long description, guidelines and more. CPT code information is copyright by the AMA. Access to this feature is available in the following products: Find-A-Code Essentials; Find-A-Code Professional; Find-A-Code Premium; Find-A-Code Elite Cystolitholapaxy is the most common surgical procedure to remove bladder stones without external incisions. It is an outpatient procedure where the patient can return home the same day. During a Cystolitholapaxy, the surgeon uses a cystoscope to locate the bladder stone.There are currently 2 CPT codes, with code descriptors and parentheticals as noted: CPT 52601 Transurethral electrosurgical resection of prostate, including control of post operative bleeding, complete (vasectomy, meatotomy, cystourethroscopy, urethral calibration and/or dilation, and internal urethrotomy are included) (52612, 52614, 52620 …

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The comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation with ablation codes 93653-93657 are revised for 2022. Codes 93653 and 93656 underwent significant bundling of related services. A new table in the CPT book clarifies what is included in the revised codes and the new parentheticals are under these codes: 93653, 93654 and 93656.A provider performed a cystoscopy, sees a bladder stone, and inserts a stone basket through the cystoscopy to grab and remove the stone. Would this best be coded with CPT code (s) 52310 and 52315 or CPT code (s) 52317 and 52318? Jonathan Rubenstein, MD. Cpt code cystolitholapaxy. Cpt code for cystolitholapaxy with holmium laser. Transurethral cystolitholapaxy cpt code. Cystolitholapaxy procedure cpt code. What is the cpt code for ureteroscopy. Cpt code for cystoscopy with cystolitholapaxy. Percutaneous cystolitholapaxy cpt code. Can cpt code 58661 and 58662 be billed together. The presence of bladder calculi secondary to BPH and bladder outlet obstruction is an absolute indication for a bladder outlet procedure.5 While cystolitholapaxy can be safely performed at the time of all endoscopic BPH surgeries including TURP and PVP, HoLEP has the advantage of using the same instrument that …The 2024 National Average Medicare physician payment rates have been calculated using a 2024 conversion factor effective March 9, 2024, of $33.2875. Rates subject to change. CPT® / HCPCS. Code. Short Description. MD In-Office Medicare Allowed Amount. MD In-Facility Total Office- Medicare Allowed Based Amount RVUs.Per the definition of CPT 52317: "Litholapaxy: crushing or fragmentation of calculus by any means..." The use of a grasper to manually crush the stone is still considered litholapaxy. You may also want to look at billing 52318 in this case, as the stones being encrusted on the stent makes it "complicated" for the purpose of coding.The 2024 National Average Medicare physician payment rates have been calculated using a 2024 conversion factor effective March 9, 2024, of $33.2875. Rates subject to change. Cystourethroscopy, with injection(s) for chemodenervation of the bladder (NOTE: See relevant HCPCS code on page 5).52317, Under Urethra and Bladder Transurethral Surgical Procedures. The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT ®) code 52317 as maintained by American Medical … CPT Code 51065, Surgical Procedures on the Bladder, Incision Procedures on the Bladder - Codify by AAPC ... Percutaneous Cystolitholapaxy. I actually sent my op note ... In the healthcare industry, accurate documentation and coding are crucial for maximizing revenue and ensuring proper reimbursement. One important aspect of this process is the Nati...When you undergo a medical procedure, there’s a corresponding series of numbers that medical professionals use to document the process. This Current Procedural Terminology code hel...Using the lithoclast trilogy for cystolitholapaxy on a 4 cm bladder stone per urethra. Urol Case Rep. 2019 Sep. 26:100964. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. . Shokeir AA. Transurethral cystolitholapaxy in children. J Endourol. 1994 Apr. 8(2):157-9; discussion 159-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Ikari O, Netto NR Jr, D'Ancona CA, Palma PC. ... ….

Cystolitholapaxy. What is Cystolitholapaxy? It is an operation to break up and remove stones in the urinary bladder. Such stones can lead to pain, blood in the urinary tract, …Ureteroscopic Stone Management and Stent Insertion. 52332 Cystourethroscopy, with insertion of indwelling ureteral stent. $500 $162. 13.92 4.51. 52352 Cystourethroscopy, with ureteroscopy and/or pyeloscopy; with removal or manipulation of calculus. See Note $368. See Note 10.25.Cystolitholapaxy. After performing systematic cystoscopic inspection, in cases of lower coil encrustation, it is not recommended to use biopsy forceps to try and fragment the encrustations. This usually has negligible effect and only serves to blunt the forceps. Depending on availability of equipment, options include cystolitholapaxy with a ...PC cystolitholapaxy is our institution’s method of choice for management of bladder calculi in all adult patients. CONCLUSION. A percutaneous approach to bladder calculi is safe and effective for patients with prior CURs, bladder augmentation, or neobladder. Recurrence rates of stones remain elevated and further investigations are …Save up to $100 off with Nomad discount codes. 22 verified Nomad coupons today. PCWorld’s coupon section is created with close supervision and involvement from the PCWorld deals te...Somewhere in between getting started with programming and being job-ready competent, you might experience the "desert of despair." Viking Code School explains why this struggle hap...This changed on Jan. 1, 2009 when CPT® updated the coding for a staged TURP. Official guidance: CPT® states the following: “For first stage transurethral partial resection of prostate, use 52601. For second stage partial resection of prostate, use 52601 with modifier 58.”. “Although, in general, one should still consider and follow this ...In a study by Tugcu et al, 64 patients underwent TURP in addition to concomitant bladder calculi surgery. [] Participants were treated with either (1) a percutaneous suprapubic approach with a 30-French access sheath or (2) transurethral cystolitholapaxy with a 23-French sheath and pneumatic lithotripter; those who …CPT® Code1 Description RVUS Physician Payment Allowed Amount Facility Payment Allowed Amount Work Total Office Total Facility In-Office In-Facility Hospital Outpatient ASC 51715 Endoscopic injection of implant material into the submucousal tissues of the urethra and/or bladder neck 3.73 11.22 5.82 $ 388.28 $ 201.41 $ 3,140.04 $ 1,952.72Depending on the op note, I believe you are correct on this code selection. In my office we had a similar case that we sent to the AUA coding hotline. In our case they … Cpt code for cystolitholapaxy, CPT Code 51065, Surgical Procedures on the Bladder, Incision Procedures on the Bladder - Codify by AAPC ... Percutaneous Cystolitholapaxy. I actually sent my op note ... , Find out how to get a free Google Ads promo code worth up to $500 in free ad credits to jump-start your online advertising strategy. Marketing | How To REVIEWED BY: Elizabeth Kraus..., The provider performs a complicated cystourethroscopy, the inspection of the interior of the bladder, the urethra, prostatic urethra, and ureteric openings using a cystoscope passed through the urethra and into the bladder, and localizes, crushes, and removes a large stone over 2.5 cm in size. , This changed on Jan. 1, 2009 when CPT® updated the coding for a staged TURP. Official guidance: CPT® states the following: “For first stage transurethral partial resection of prostate, use 52601. For second stage partial resection of prostate, use 52601 with modifier 58.”. “Although, in general, one should still consider and follow this ..., Question: The urologist performed cystoscopy with bladder irrigation and urethral placement of cyberwand for cystolitholapaxy.How should we code this procedure? Kentucky Subscriber. Answer: The correct code choice is based on the size of the stone the urologist treated.Check for the stone’s size in the operative report, and then …, GitHub has taken down a repository that contained proprietary Twitter source code after the social network filed a DCMA takedown request. GitHub has taken down a repository by a us..., ICD-10 CM Diagnosis Code Description Code Description Code Description SpaceOAR™ and SpaceOAR Vue™ Hydrogel Syst ems 2024 Coding & Payment Quick Reference. ASC Payment – Medicare. 55874* Transperineal placement of biodegradable material, peri-prostatic, single or multiple injection(s), including image guidance, when performed., 54530 - CPT® Code in category: Orchiectomy, radical, for tumor... CPT Code information is available to subscribers and includes the CPT code number, short description, long description, guidelines and more. CPT code information is copyright by the AMA. Access to this feature is available in the following products:, Sep 14, 2011 · Medical Coding. Urology . Wiki Percutaneous cystolithotomy. Thread starter lshafer; Start date Sep 14, 2011; Create Wiki L. lshafer Guest. Messages 6 Best answers 0 ... , Methods currently available include pneumatic or laser transurethral cystolithotripsy, percutaneous cystolithotripsy, cystolitholapaxy, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), and open surgery. The holmium laser has revolutionised urinary lithiasis management, with several trials demonstrating its superiority over other methods for …, Objective: This report presents the results of a randomized prospective study comparing synchronous transurethral cystolitholapaxy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with transurethral cystolitholapaxy plus medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in patients with concomitant vesical stone(s) and BPH. Patients and …, Using the lithoclast trilogy for cystolitholapaxy on a 4 cm bladder stone per urethra. Urol Case Rep. 2019 Sep. 26:100964. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. . Shokeir AA. Transurethral cystolitholapaxy in children. J Endourol. 1994 Apr. 8(2):157-9; discussion 159-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Ikari O, Netto NR Jr, D'Ancona CA, Palma PC. ..., To code the encounter, your options are as follows: 52224 – Cystourethroscopy, with fulguration [including cryosurgery or laser surgery] or treatment of MINOR (less than 0.5 cm) lesion (s) with or without biopsy. 52234 – Cystourethroscopy, with fulguration (including cryosurgery or laser surgery) and/or resection of; SMALL bladder …, Medical Coding. Urology. Wiki Cysto/ureteroscop/eswl. Thread starter nabernhardt; Start date Dec 13, 2011; Create Wiki N. nabernhardt Guest. Messages 234 Best answers 0. Dec 13, 2011 #1 patient had cystoscopy and ureteroscopy and then did a ESWL. Would I be able to do both the 52351 and 50590 where the scope was removed …, Medical Coding. Urology . Wiki Cystoscopy with fulguration of active bleeder at the 2 o'clock position on the bladder neck. Clot evacuation. ... Clot evacuation. Cystolitholapaxy. Thread starter Miko24; Start date Aug 4, 2022; Create Wiki M. Miko24 Guru. Messages 112 Location Phelps, WI Best answers 0. Aug 4, 2022, There are currently 2 CPT codes, with code descriptors and parentheticals as noted: CPT 52601 Transurethral electrosurgical resection of prostate, including control of post operative bleeding, complete (vasectomy, meatotomy, cystourethroscopy, urethral calibration and/or dilation, and internal urethrotomy are included) (52612, 52614, 52620 have ..., The 2024 National Average Medicare physician payment rates have been calculated using a 2024 conversion factor effective March 9, 2024, of $33.2875. Rates subject to change. CPT® / HCPCS. Code. Short Description. MD In-Office Medicare Allowed Amount. MD In-Facility Total Office- Medicare Allowed Based Amount RVUs., Question: In order to know which CPT code to use for a cystolithalopaxy (52317 or 52318), or bladder tumors (52234, 52235, 52240), I am writing to ask what the criteria are in determining the size of calculi or bladder tumors.Should the size be determined by measuring the circumference, the diameter, centimeters, etc.? …, Stones occur within the urinary bladder due to incomplete bladder emptying, urinary stasis, and/or chronic bladder infections. With time, the urine that is not voided begins to harbor bacteria and contain higher amounts of mucus, sediment and urinary minerals, eventually resulting in a bladder calculus. Surgical options for patients with symptomatic bladder …, Percutaneous cystolitholapaxy is a safe and effective approach for the removal of moderate-sized bladder calculi in adults with prior lower urinary tract reconstruction utilizing bowel. Its efficacy and minimally invasive nature make it the approach of choice at our institution., Cystolitholapaxy is the most common surgical procedure to remove bladder stones without external incisions. It is an outpatient procedure where the patient can return home the same day. During a Cystolitholapaxy, the surgeon uses a cystoscope to locate the bladder stone. , The most commonly used codes in which a holmium laser is specifically referenced are: 52214: Cystourethroscopy, with fulguration (including cryosurgery or laser surgery) of trigone, bladder neck, prostatic fossa, urethra, or periurethral glands. 52317: Litholapaxy: crushing or fragmentation of calculus by any means in bladder and removal …, Question: I’m looking for help coding for an excision of exposed urethral sling mesh via laser destruction.While the provider was performing cystolitholapaxy for a bladder stone he came across the mesh which “slung across from the 5 to the 7 o’clock position right at the bladder neck, probably about 1 cm to 1.5 cm bridge right there at the bladder neck.”, Indications for Cystolitholapaxy. Bladder stones are treated surgically by endoscopic cystolitholapaxy or open surgery. The decision between endoscopic or open surgery …, 469-242-6056 www.plutushealthinc.com | [email protected] 4835 LBJ Fwy, Suite 300, Dallas, TX 75244 Get Your Free Revenue Health Analysis, Medical Coding. Urology . Wiki Percutaneous cystolithotomy. Thread starter lshafer; Start date Sep 14, 2011; Create Wiki L. lshafer Guest. Messages 6 Best answers 0 ..., CPT Code For Cystolitholapaxy is 52356, and it refers to a procedure commonly used to remove bladder stones. This minimally invasive technique uses a …, QR code payments work like other contactless payment methods. QR codes have many uses and benefits, so read our guide to learn more. Retail | What is REVIEWED BY: Meaghan Brophy Me..., Looking for a code for this.. I've seen 52317/51040 for lithopaxy, but since the stone was removed in this case maybe 52315/51040? I've also been looking at 51065 but it's a bladder stone not a ureteral stone. Foley cather was placed into bladder to straight drain., CPT Code information is available to subscribers and includes the CPT code number, short description, long description, guidelines and more. CPT code information is copyright by the AMA. Access to this feature is available in the following products: Find-A-Code Essentials; Find-A-Code Professional; Find-A-Code Premium; Find-A-Code Elite, Aug 5, 2014. #2. As this note is I would code as below, supporting documentation in quotation. 52317 "Holmium laser with 1000 fiber was used at predominately power level 1200 at 10 hertz and stone dissolution was achieved" using lithotripsy in the bladder. 52334 "Next the 26 French resectoscope was passed and the bladder diverticulum tumor was ..., Holmium laser prostate surgery is a minimally invasive treatment for an enlarged prostate. Also called holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), the procedure uses a laser to remove tissue that is blocking urine flow through the prostate. A separate instrument is then used to cut the prostate tissue into easily removable fragments., Stones occur within the urinary bladder due to incomplete bladder emptying, urinary stasis, and/or chronic bladder infections. With time, the urine that is not voided begins to harbor …