Gully in arid climate

Lesschen et al. (2007) studied erosion in semi-arid regions in Spain and concluded that gully erosion rates are relatively high in abandoned agricultural lands. Rijsdijk et al. (2006) studied runoff and sediment transport from gullies in two areas in East Java, Indonesia, and found out that the erosion rate increased by inappropriate ploughing.

Gully erosion is a worldwide phenomenon expressed by a wide range of incised landforms tightly correlated. The commonly used solution in the northern Negev is based on damming the gully with perpendicular check dams. ... Wide parts of the cultivated arid area over the globe are characterized by loamy soils. The combination of climate …DOI: 10.1016/S0341-8162(97)00045-3 Corpus ID: 129863073; Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control @article{Fitzjohn1998SoilMV, title={Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control}, author={C. Fitzjohn and J. Les Ternan and A.G Williams}, journal={Catena}, year={1998}, volume ... We found 11 answers for the crossword clue Gully. A further 17 clues may be related. If you haven't solved the crossword clue Gully yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering the letters you already know! (Enter a dot for each missing letters, e.g. “F.RR..” will find “FURROW”.) This is even more essential for the assessment of both expected future climate and land use changes. Only a few processes-based models such as DIMGUL/STABGUL ... A., et al., 2019. Modelling gully-erosion susceptibility in a semi-arid region, Iran: Investigation of applicability of certainty factor and maximum entropy models. Science of ...Introduction. Arid lands occupy 14 per cent of India's total land area, and. include both hot and cold arid regions. While the major part of the. hot arid region occurs in the state of Rajasthan ...

We study in this paper land degradation processes in arid environments that are leading to a major environmental change. These processes, which are mostly the outcome of gully development, have direct impact on agriculture potential, biomass degradation, and escalating desertification.Three representative sites within the Negev Highland, Israel, are studied by utilizing terrestrial laser scans ...Mar 1, 2013 · As moisture availability is generally the limiting factor for weathering in arid climates (e.g., ... Gully activity and fan formation, during periods of high obliquity [e.g., Dickson and Head ... Rapid change of climate in vertical and considerable geomorphologic features form a typical diversity and distribution of biota in mountain ecosystems, i.e., the subalpine forest zone (SFZ), the valley savanna zone (VSZ), and the transition zone between them. The arid hot valley in the middle and lower reaches of Jinsha River, China represents a well target area to study distribution and the ...A three year monitoring programme of gully‐head retreat was established to assess the significance of sediment production in a drainage network that expanded rapidly by gully‐head erosion on the low‐angled alluvio‐lacustrine Njemps Flats in semi‐arid Baringo District, Kenya. This paper discusses the factors controlling the large observed spatial and temporal variation in gully‐head ...The science is off the charts. Climate change is here and it's affecting the planet. We'll tell you how and where. Advertisement With the United Nations' climate conference in Scot...Download Table | Climate, edaphic and physiographic features in areas with gully erosion in five provinces of Iran based on presurveying from publication: Characteristics and Causes of Gully ...Abstract. Along with the global climate change, gully erosion, flood and drought jointly restrict the sustainable development of arid rangeland in Central Asia. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system in gully is a flexible practice that alleviate complex environmental problems.

A three year monitoring programme of gully‐head retreat was established to assess the significance of sediment production in a drainage network that expanded rapidly by gully‐head erosion on ...Check damming gully and afforesting the confined areas improve whole land fertility. ... Wide parts of the cultivated arid area over the globe are characterized by loamy soils. The combination of climate extremes, soil with high content of fine particles, a hilly topography, intense cultivations, and local farmers that are often unaware of soil ... Gully erosion covers more area in the arid climate than humid one. Human impact, intensive and short period rainfall with soil chemical characteristics helped gully erosion to develop. In the arid climate, the gullies have dendretic general view plan. They are also longer and denser. It implies the surface runoff production by uplands. Tea Tree Gully, located in South Australia, offers a beautiful natural landscape for outdoor enthusiasts. From hiking trails to picnic spots, there are plenty of activities to enjo...

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Gully erosion is a serious threat to the society and environment of the study, primarily caused by surface runoff and dramatically accelerated due to rugged ...DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108027 Corpus ID: 244005227; Gully erosion and climate induced chemical weathering for vulnerability assessment in sub-tropical environment @article{Chakrabortty2021GullyEA, title={Gully erosion and climate induced chemical weathering for vulnerability assessment in sub-tropical environment}, author={Rabin Chakrabortty and Subodh Chandra Pal and M. Santosh and ...Natural resource use in soil-eroded area under semi-arid climate, central Kenya. 2016 • ... Gully erosion in Western Kenya Province（Fig.1）. The Lake Victoria basin has been forming within Precambrian Mitsuo Hoshino1）, Yusuke Katsurada2）, Koshi Yamamoto1）, Hidekazu Yoshida3）, Mutsuyo Kadohira4）, Kenichiro Sugitani1）, John M ... Gully erosion destroys agricultural and domestic grazing land in many countries, especially those with arid and semi-arid climates and easily eroded rocks and soils. It also generates large amounts of sediment that can adversely impact downstream river channels. The main objective of this research is to accurately detect and predict areas prone to gully erosion. In this paper, we couple hybrid ... The gully domain is composed of various gullies that are generally connected to form a natural geographical unit (Liu & Li 2017). The gully domain covers approximately 40% of the total area with a density of 1.5–4.0 km·km −2 …

1. Introduction. Gullies represent an important form of land degradation on a global scale (Vanmaercke et al., 2016, Zegeye et al., 2017, Selkimäki and González-Olabarria, 2017).Vegetation can result in the reinforcement of steep gully sidewalls and the interception of sediment transport processes on gully beds (Dong et al., 2014).Consequently, vegetation restoration has been proposed as an ...Introduction. In the cold, nutrient-poor, and hyper-arid McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica, water availability serves as a primary factor governing the persistence and distribution of life (Kennedy, 1993).Climate, generally understood as long-term records of air temperature and precipitation, determines water availability on a regional scale, whereas …The climate is hot with distinct dry and wet seasons (Deng et al., 2020). The average annual temperature is 21.9 °C and the average annual precipitation is 613.8 mm. ... Modelling gully-erosion susceptibility in a semi-arid region, Iran: Investigation of applicability of certainty factor and maximum entropy models. Sci. Total Environ. (2019) L ...Therefore, the annual average growth rate of the gully length, width, and depth of the two watersheds are 21m/year, .275m/year and 0.28 m/year respectively. According to (ul Rasool et al. 2011 ...6 Mar 2010 ... ... climates, poor soils and the over-grazing that seems invariably to plague arid lands. While grasses must compete with cattle, the trees are ...Abstract. This study was aimed at assessing the causes of the gully erosion and its effects on the agricultural lands in the arid region of southeastern Iran. In this study, we have used geologic maps in scales of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000, aerial photographs on a scale of 1:20,000, field observation, and GPS (global positioning system).Gullies in the Loess Plateau of China vary in developmental stages and morphologic sizes. In this case study, in Linjialian watershed in the loess hilly region, we introduced some perspectives from population ecology to explore the population characteristics of the loess gully system. Different types of gullies were extracted based on the digital elevation model and imagery data.A Comparative Analysis of Phytovolume Estimation Methods Based on UAV-Photogrammetry and Multispectral Imagery in a Mediterranean ForestThis finding is important because it suggests that predicted climate change-driven increases in aridity may compromise the capacity of the arid-soil microbiome to sustain necessary nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration functions as well as vegetative cover in desert ecosystems, which comprise one-third of the terrestrial biomes on Earth.The study hypothesizes similar to other ones on water catchments in arid regions, such as check dammed gully terraces (Mor-Mussery, Ben-Eli, & Leu, 2022) and ancient wadi terraces (Sapir et al ...The province is characterized by a semi-arid Mediterranean climate in the north and arid in the south, with erratic rainfall that does not exceed 400 mm and an average monthly temperature of 9 °C in January and 37 °C in August (Benyahia et al., 2001). The population of the province has witnessed changes over the years of the study.The eff ect of gully erosion on the ecology. of arid loess agro-ecos ys tems. Amir Mor-Mussery & Jonathan B. Laronne. amir [email protected]. pat terns of gullied areas. • The soil quality of ...

climate than in semi-arid areas. Upland soil and ... gully draining the same area in the semi-arid Tigray ... Oostwoud Wijdenes, D.G. and Bryan, R.B.: Gully-head ...

The Gully Consolidation and Highland Protection (GCHP) project (such as for gully head landfills), a consideration of soil and water conservation measures, has been explored and developed continuously in recent decades in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Using high-precision images taken by drones to extract the topography of the basin, the changes in vegetation and land use were also analyzed.In arid and semi-arid climates, such as the Semnan province, Iran, gullies cause very extensive damage and are considered a major environmental problem [26,46]. Therefore, the identification of the causes of gully erosion development and its zo ning for comprehensive management planning by executive agencies remain essential.In arid and semi-arid climates, such as the Semnan province, Iran, gullies cause very extensive damage and are considered a major environmental problem [26,46]. Therefore, the identification of the causes of gully erosion development and its zoning for comprehensive management planning by executive agencies remain essential.The semi-arid hilly gully region of the Loess Pla-teau is located in northwestern China and has gullies and a fragmented topography. Because of the influ-ences of the geographic environment, climate and excessive anthropogenic effects for thousands of years, this area has been one of the most vulnerable areas in China for a long time [1, 2].Kedong County is typical of the black soil region of northeast China in being highly susceptible to accelerated soil erosion by gullying. Using data sourced from Corona satellite imagery for 1965, SPOT5 for 2005 and GF-1 for 2015, the spatial distribution of gullies in the research area was mapped. Land use data for 1965, 2005, and 2015 were obtained from the topographic map of 1954, and from ...Along with the global climate change, gully erosion, flood and drought jointly restrict the sustainable development of arid rangeland in Central Asia. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system in gully is a flexible practice that alleviate complex environmental problems. In the Kulusitai watershed of Xinjiang, China, our study presented a decision …DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124388 Corpus ID: 214438045; Predicting the climate change impacts on water-carbon coupling cycles for a loess hilly-gully watershed @article{Zhao2020PredictingTC, title={Predicting the climate change impacts on water-carbon coupling cycles for a loess hilly-gully watershed}, author={Fubo Zhao and Yiping Wu and Yingying Yao and Ke Sun and Xue-song Zhang and Leigh ...

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The province is characterized by a semi-arid Mediterranean climate in the north and arid in the south, with erratic rainfall that does not exceed 400 mm and an average monthly temperature of 9 °C in January and 37 °C in August (Benyahia et al., 2001). The population of the province has witnessed changes over the years of the study.The climate of this area is classified as semi-arid bordering to arid 58. Mean annual rainfall reaches 251 mm and the mean monthly temperature 14.1 °C. Mean annual rainfall reaches 251 mm and the ...Clue: Desert gully. Desert gully is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 9 times. There are related clues (shown below).Gulley Crossword Clue. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Gulley", 5 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue. A clue is required. Sort by Length.Gully erosion is one of the most extreme land degradation processes that exhibit spatial and temporal variation depending on topography, soil, climate, and land use and management characteristics. This study investigated the impact of changes in rainfall, land use/land cover (LULC), and land use management (LUM) practices on gully erosion in two midland watersheds (treated Kecha and untreated ...Soil water is a primary limiting factor for vegetation rehabilitation in arid and semi-arid ... sea level and are typical loess hilly and gully areas. The climate type is a temperate continental ...Gully erosion is an important sediment source in small watershed, and causes severe land degradation, particularly in semi-arid regions. Accurately measuring gully morphological characteristics, and determining its topographic threshold, are vital for gully erosion simulation and control. In this study, 910 gullies were visually interpreted by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology combined ...Mar 14, 2018 · Climate in arid and semi-arid regions is often typified by short, intense rainfall events which contribute to short-term flooding and erosion. Associated arroyo cutting occurs when ephemeral creek beds are carved into the floodplain when erratic overland flow occurs; this lowers water tables, depleting surface and subsurface water supplies. The province is characterized by a semi-arid Mediterranean climate in the north and arid in the south, with erratic rainfall that does not exceed 400 mm and an average monthly temperature of 9 °C in January and 37 °C in August (Benyahia et al., 2001). The population of the province has witnessed changes over the years of the study.2.1 Study area. The Dongzhiyuan plateau spans between 106°14′-108°42′E,34°50′-37°19′N, which corresponds to the southeastern edge of the Gansu Province, China (Fig. 1a), an arid and semi-arid zone. The topography of the study area is dominated by gully incised tablelands, on terrain that displays an elevation ranging between 882 and 1540 m.a.s.l with an average of 1300 m.a.s.l (Fig ...The location of debris flow occurring in a gully determines the observable differences in its formation, evolution and effects. In this piece of research, we propose a new method for debris flow gully classification based on the locations of the debris flows occurring in the gullies. It is termed the three-section method (TSM). It includes eight different types of gullies with different ... ….

Tea Tree Gully, located in South Australia, offers a beautiful natural landscape for outdoor enthusiasts. From hiking trails to picnic spots, there are plenty of activities to enjo...Designing for arid climates. Approximately 30% of the Earth's land surface area is classified as 'arid', with this figure set to rise as the climate crisis deepens. In these harsh, hot landscapes, where water and vegetation are scarce, people often seek the sanctuary of airconditioned interiors. So, how do we enable balanced, healthy ...The climate of this region may be described as seasonally dry. Annual rainfall averages 770 mm and annual evapotranspiration averages 713 mm (Elias Castillo and Ruiz Beltran, 1981). December is the ... The effects of gully erosion on the ecology of arid loessial agro-ecosystems, the northern Negev, Israel. CATENA, Volume 194, 2020, Article 104712.Learn about how likely fires, floods, and extreme heat will be before you buy. Seems we can’t go more than a few days without an alarming headline about the climate crisis—from an ...Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Spatiotemporal features of the hydro-biogeochemical cycles in a typical loess gully watershed" by Fubo Zhao et al. ... Vegetation restoration is an important means for regional climate change mitigation and terrestrial carbon sequestration. However, large‐scale vegetation restoration in arid and ...Understand [edit] Non-polar desert regions. Arid regions are those where the rainfall is very low, and consequently little surface moisture may exist. Major arid regions can be found around the world in North America, South America, Africa, Asia and Australia, and are commonly also referred to as deserts.. Arid regions typically lack large human settlements, and can be a great place to observe ...Gully. Crossword Clue Here is the solution for the Gully. clue featured on January 1, 1966. We have found 31 possible answers for this clue in our database. Among them, one solution stands out with a 95% match which has a length of 6 letters. You can unveil this answer gradually, one letter at a time, or reveal it all at once.A three year monitoring programme of gully‐head retreat was established to assess the significance of sediment production in a drainage network that expanded rapidly by gully‐head erosion on the low‐angled alluvio‐lacustrine Njemps Flats in semi‐arid Baringo District, Kenya. This paper discusses the factors controlling the large observed spatial and temporal variation in gully‐head ...Introduction. In the cold, nutrient-poor, and hyper-arid McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica, water availability serves as a primary factor governing the persistence and distribution of life (Kennedy, 1993).Climate, generally understood as long-term records of air temperature and precipitation, determines water availability on a regional scale, whereas variations in terrain (e.g., slope ...Download Citation | On Jul 3, 2023, Kai Cui and others published Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Runoff-Gully in Rammed Earthen Sites in Arid Area | Find, read and ... Gully in arid climate, DOI: 10.1016/S0341-8162(97)00045-3 Corpus ID: 129863073; Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control @article{Fitzjohn1998SoilMV, title={Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control}, author={C. Fitzjohn and J. Les Ternan and A.G Williams}, journal={Catena}, year={1998}, volume ..., Soil erosion by water is a significant problem in arid and semi-arid areas of large parts of Iran. Water erosion is one of the most effective phenomena that leads to decreasing soil productivity and pollution of water resources; especially, in the Mazayjan watershed in the southwest of Fars Province gully erosion contributes to the sediment dynamics in a significant way. Consequently, the ..., Gully headcut retreatment varied from 0.99 to 1.4 m year −1 in various pedo-climatic regions, and ephemeral gully erosion in semiarid climate of Iranian Loess Plateau has resulted in a soil loss of 4 t ha −1 year −1. Based on the obtained results, enough studies paid to gully erosion and various controlling factors have been determined., Gully erosion covers more area in the arid climate than humid one. Human impact, intensive and short period rainfall with soil chemical characteristics helped gully erosion to develop. In the arid climate, the gullies have dendretic general view plan. They are also longer and denser. It implies the surface runoff production by uplands., It developed in four climates including mild desertic arid, cold desertic arid, cold semiarid and mild semiarid. Average annual rainfall was between 200 and 471 mm. The length of represented gullies were between 50 and 110 meters. The depth of the gullies was between 0.7 to 9.5 meters., Gully erosion is defined as the erosion process whereby runoff water accumulates and often recurs in narrow channels and, over short periods, removes the soil from this narrow area to considerable depths.Permanent gullies (e.g. Fig. 2) are often defined for agricultural land in terms of channels too deep to easily ameliorate with ordinary farm tillage equipment, typically ranging from 0.5 to ..., The climate is semi-arid with an annual rainfall of 370 mm and average potential evapotranspiration of 880 mm (Jafari Shalamzari and Zhang, 2018). Materials and methods. To predict and analyze the gully heads and their nature of occurrence in the two sites, the LANDPLANER model was used., The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Gully in southern Asia", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue. A clue is required., Baseflow is a critical component of streamflow in arid areas. Determining variations in baseflow and the factors affecting it have positive roles for water resource utilization in arid watersheds. Two watersheds, the Hailiutu River watershed (HLTR) and the Dali River watershed (DLR), located in two different geomorphological regions of the middle Yellow River, were selected for this study. By ..., People working in the field of vernacular architecture located in arid zones acknowledge that these settlements have developed urban and architectural morphologies well adapted to the extreme physical environment. They identify adaptive features in urban and architectural patterns, cohesive social structure, and finally, adaptive behaviors derived from an indigenous "know-how.", Nov 6, 2018 · The eff ect of gully erosion on the ecology. of arid loess agro-ecos ys tems. Amir Mor-Mussery & Jonathan B. Laronne. amir [email protected]. pat terns of gullied areas. • The soil quality of ... , The combination of climate extremes, soil with high content of fine particles, a hilly topography, intense cultivations, and local farmers that are often unaware of soil conservation practices leads to enhanced soil erosion and incision phenomena ( Catt, 2001, Sun et al., 2014 )., 1. Introduction. Gullies represent an important form of land degradation on a global scale (Vanmaercke et al., 2016, Zegeye et al., 2017, Selkimäki and González-Olabarria, 2017).Vegetation can result in the reinforcement of steep gully sidewalls and the interception of sediment transport processes on gully beds (Dong et al., 2014).Consequently, vegetation restoration has been proposed as an ..., In this study, we introduced a novel hybrid artificial intelligence approach of rotation forest (RF) as a Meta/ensemble classifier based on alternating decision tree (ADTree) as a base classifier called RF-ADTree in order to spatially predict gully, This paper divides the process of rainfall redistribution into four levels in vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River. These levels include arbor interception, litter interception, soil interception and surface runoff. The results showed that the maximum of interception was 8.10 mm, the mean interception was 4.53 mm, the maximum of interception rate was 56. ..., Arid ClimatesAn arid climate is one that receives less than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) of rainfall in an entire year. Deserts are areas that are arid. Although the most familiar image of a desert involves hot sand, the Arctic North and Antarctica are also deserts, as they also receive little moisture, usually in the form of snow. In contrast, the island of Fiji receives drenching rains for ..., Gully erosion is an important cause of soil loss and land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions in Iran and elsewhere world 30, 31. Maps showing where this problem exists or might develop..., The clue "Dry gully" provides us with a key descriptive word - "dry". This implies that the answer we are looking for is a type of gully that is specifically dry. This narrows down the possibilities. The answer "ARROYO" is a Spanish word that translates to "dry gully" in English. It perfectly matches the clue, indicating that it is indeed the ..., The study area is characterized by temperate continental arid climate, with rare precipitation and high evaporation, as well as sufficient solar radiation and large daily temperature range (Qian et al., 2012).The Yinchuan meteorological station serves as a typical representative for projecting recent climate changes in the study area (Fig. 2).From 2012 to 2020, the average annual precipitation ..., During the monitoring time interval (1990–2001), the linear gully retreat in the study area ranged between 12.3 and 250 m an average rate of 1.12–22.7 m year−1 for each gully head., The semi-arid climate is characterized by a major dry season lasting from October until March. The rainy season peaks from July until the beginning of September. The annual precipitation is approximately 700 mm y − 1 and usually takes the form of heavy showers that seldom last longer than ten minutes (Nyssen et al., 2005)., The lenght of the solutions is between 3 and 11 letters. In total we have solutions for 7 word lengths. All solutions for "gully" 5 letters crossword answer - We have 5 clues, 25 answers & 123 synonyms from 3 to 15 letters. Solve your "gully" crossword puzzle fast & easy with the-crossword-solver.com., Gully erosion destroys agricultural and domestic grazing land in many countries, especially those with arid and semi-arid climates and easily eroded rocks and soils. It also generates large amounts of sediment that can adversely impact downstream river channels., social-economic threshold factors for gully erosion stabilization in semi-arid environment of wanjoga river catchment, upper tana basin, kenya January 2021 DOI: 10.35410/IJAEB.2021.5674, The combination of loess soil, an arid climate and intensive and continuous cultivation may promote incision and gully erosion. Whereas most studies focus on geomorphological aspects of gully ..., ... Arid Areas to Climate Change",. Jerusalem, Israel, 14-21 May 1995. Quine, T. A., Desmet, P. J., Govers, G., Vandaele, K. & Walling, D. E. (1994) A comparison ..., Evaluation of gully head retreat and fill rates based on high-resolution satellite images in the loess region of China. The acceleration of large gully erosion in the loess environments of China is a matter of concern because of the changing land use and urban expansion. This paper evaluates the gully head retreat and…., DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108027 Corpus ID: 244005227; Gully erosion and climate induced chemical weathering for vulnerability assessment in sub-tropical environment @article{Chakrabortty2021GullyEA, title={Gully erosion and climate induced chemical weathering for vulnerability assessment in sub-tropical environment}, author={Rabin Chakrabortty and Subodh Chandra Pal and M. Santosh and ..., In Sect. 4, the distribution of the moisture sources for precipitation over arid regions in wet and dry months, including the trend of moisture contribution over 1990–2019, are presented. Section 5 provides an analysis of the variation in precipitation and PRR in recent decades. The conclusions are given in Sect. 6., 1. Introduction. Gully erosion causes in-site and downstream environmental degradation. Human activities in arid and semi-arid areas accelerate gully occurrence that alters Earth's landscapes and affects human-environmental sustainability (Lesschen et al., 2007, Garosi et al., 2018).Usually gully erosion is known as anthropogenic alteration of landscapes, resulting in a serious threat to ..., The study hypothesizes similar to other ones on water catchments in arid regions, such as check dammed gully terraces (Mor-Mussery, Ben-Eli, & Leu, 2022) and ancient wadi terraces (Sapir et al ..., 26 locations in seven climates, dominantly in semiarid climate in Fars province (Soufi, 2004a,b). Sixteen locations with different climates out of 26 locations were selected to show the impact of land use change on gully formation. Ten locations with 50 percent of total area of gully erosion in Fars province belong to the, Among the land degradation processes, gully erosion is the one that poses more environmental and societal challenges in arid regions. Predicting spatiotemporal gully development in a region under changing conditions is important to adopt proper mitigation measures. Here we investigate the Ghapan-Olya watershed in Golestan province in Iran, which is affected by many erosional landforms ...